1 Introduction
2 Input studies and drugs
3 NextMove Leadmine Chemical NER
- 3.1 Chemical NER mentions
4 PubChem:
- 4.1 Intervention IDs to CIDs from PubChem (via SMILES)
- 4.2 InChIKeys from PubChem (via CIDs)
5 IDG/TCRD:
6 ChEMBL:
7 JensenLab Tagger Diseases NER
- 7.1 Disease mention totals by merging to resolved Disease Ontology term (DOID).
- 7.2 Disease mentions by study.
8 JensenLab Tagger targets NER (human proteins)
- 8.1 Target mention totals by merging to resolved Ensembl ID (ENSP).
- 8.2 Target mentions by study.
9 Enumerate study-drug-disease-target links.
10 Aggregating, scoring and ranking disease, target associations.

1 Introduction

ClinicalTrials.gov was first released in 2000. As of March 2019, ClinicalTrials.gov includes 300,676 research studies in all 50 states and in 208 countries. The the CTTI AACT project and database provides a harmonizing schema and convenient access. However, there remain major challenges to knowledge discovery using these data, such as lack of standard terminology. To address this, for the use case of elucidating drug target hypotheses, we have used state of the art domain specialized text mining with synonym resolution for specific classes of entities: (1) chemicals and (2) diseases. Chemicals are identified and resolved using NextMove Leadmine. Diseases, indications and other phenotypic terms are mined via JensenLab Tagger with Disease Ontology dictionary, and NLM supplied MeSH terms. Protein targets are associated via ChEMBL bioactivities on molecular structure cross-referencing. Another fundamental challenge is to assess confidence of inferences from noisy and disparate data. We propose a scoring system for assessing confidence for target hypotheses inferred from aggregated clinical trials, with emphasis on higher confidence, novel predictions with the potential to illuminate the understudied druggable genome. (Paragraph excerpted from manuscript draft.)

CTTI = Clinical Trials Transformation Initiative
AACT = Aggregate Analysis of ClinicalTrials.gov
According to website (March 2019), data is refreshed monthly.
https://aact.ctti-clinicaltrials.org/
https://github.com/ctti-clinicaltrials/aact
https:/www.nextmovesoftware.com
https://bitbucket.org/larsjuhljensen/tagger
http://download.jensenlab.org/

1.1 Issues

Prior belief is that target NER is not likely to be useful, since clinical trials descriptive text is not generally written to communicate molecular mechanisms to research scientists, but with focus on clinical efficacy and safety. In due diligence we perform target NER, and to quantify concordance or refutation with our prior belief, we also perform target NER on arbitrary non-biomedical text, tweets from the Twitter API for #brexit (26 Nov 2019). We find that 8.64 target entities per 1000 chars in the tweets, vs. 6.63 in the clinical trials descriptions. While not proof this does support our belief and less direct method via chemical NER.

1.2 Identifier mappings:

NCT_ID →(JensenLab:Tagger)→ DOID
NCT_ID →(AACT)→ MeSH
NCT_ID →(NextMove:LeadMine)→ SMILES
SMILES →(PubChem)→ CID
CID →(PubChem)→ INCHIKEY
INCHIKEY →(ChEMBL)→ MOLECULE_CHEMBL_ID
MOLECULE_CHEMBL_ID →(ChEMBL)→ ACTIVITY_ID
ACTIVITY_ID →(ChEMBL)→ TARGET_CHEMBL_ID
TARGET_CHEMBL_ID →(ChEMBL)→ COMPONENT_ID
COMPONENT_ID →(ChEMBL)→ UNIPROT
ACTIVITY_ID →(ChEMBL)→ DOCUMENT_CHEMBL_ID
DOCUMENT_CHEMBL_ID →(ChEMBL)→ PUBMED_ID

1.3 Input files:

(CTTI AACT) aact_studies.tsv
(CTTI AACT) aact_drugs.tsv
(CTTI AACT) aact_descriptions.tsv
(NextMove LeadMine) aact_drugs_leadmine.tsv
(PubChem) aact_drugs_smi_pubchem_cid.tsv
(PubChem) aact_drugs_smi_pubchem_cid2ink.tsv
(ChEMBL) aact_drugs_ink2chembl.tsv
(ChEMBL) aact_drugs_chembl_activity.tsv
(ChEMBL) aact_drugs_chembl_target_component.tsv
(ChEMBL) aact_drugs_chembl_document.tsv
(IDG TCRD/Pharos) pharos_targets.tsv
(JensenLab Tagger) aact_descriptions_tagger_disease_matches.tsv
(JensenLab Dictionary) diseases_entities.tsv

nct_id is the study ID.

## [1] "Mon Dec  2 09:57:13 2019"

library(readr)
library(data.table)
library(tm)
library(stringr)
library(plotly, quietly=T)

## Warning: As of rlang 0.4.0, dplyr must be at least version 0.8.0.
## ✖ dplyr 0.7.8 is too old for rlang 0.4.1.
## ℹ Please update dplyr with `install.packages("dplyr")`.

2 Input studies and drugs

2.1 Studies

Read file of all studies in AACT.

## [1] "Total studies: 300214 ; unique NCT_IDs: 300214"

2.1.1 Study references

Reference type results_reference may offer greater evidence, confidence.

## [1] "references: 388031; NCT_IDs: 61208; PMIDs: 287758; results_references: 64880"

2.2 Drugs

Read file of all drugs in AACT.

id is AACT INTERVENTION_ID, corresponding with an instance of a drug, dose, delivery, etc. in a study.
Note that one study may involve multiple drugs.
At this point a “drug” is imprecisely identified by name, generally one of many synonyms.

## [1] "Unique drug names: 91347 ; unique intervention IDs: 255077"

2.3 Studies: Interventional drug studies only

Select only Interventional studies (study_type) associated with drugs (via NCT_ID).

## [1] "Interventional studies: 237892 (79.2%)"

## [1] "Interventional drug studies: 124421 ; unique NCT_IDs: 124421"

Drug studies and drugs, by phase
phase	N_studies	N_drugs
Early Phase 1	1574	2615
Phase 1	23603	48593
Phase 1/Phase 2	6663	13288
Phase 2	33910	68850
Phase 2/Phase 3	3305	6503
Phase 3	22988	49507
Phase 4	19593	36331
NA	12785	29390

Drug studies and drugs, by overall_status
overall_status	N_studies	N_drugs
Active, not recruiting	6420	13962
Completed	72053	145006
Enrolling by invitation	638	1060
Not yet recruiting	4138	8001
Recruiting	16723	33973
Suspended	463	945
Terminated	10138	19618
Unknown status	10106	18463
Withdrawn	3742	6969

2.4 Drug studies by Phase and Status

2.5 Drug studies and drugs by start_year

## Warning: Ignoring 1 observations

## Warning: Ignoring 1 observations

3 NextMove Leadmine Chemical NER

AACT drug names resolved to standard names and structures via SMILES. Note that one name may include multiple chemicals. Now we can use cheminformatically rigorous counts for drugs as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).

## [1] "Drug unique SMILES resolved by LeadMine: 4699 ; unique intervention IDs: 171741"

3.1 Chemical NER mentions

3.1.1 Totals by merging of synonyms to resolved structure (locally canonical SMILES)

Top 20 drugs by total mentions
smi2img	N_mentions	names
	2637	Abraxane; PACLITAXEL; Paclitaxel; Taxol; abraxane; paclitaxel; taxol
	2545	CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; Ciclophosphamide; Cyclophosphamid; Cyclophosphamide; ciclophosphamide; cyclophosphamide
	2461	CISPLATIN; Cis-platinum; Cisplatin; Cisplatine; Cisplatinum; cis Platinum; cis-platinum; cisplatin; cisplatine; cisplatinum
	2070	DEXAMETHASONE; Dexamethason; Dexamethasone; Dexamethosone; Maxitrol; OZURDEX; Oradexon; Ozurdex; dexamethason; dexamethasone; dexamethosone
	2054	CARBOPLATIN; Carboplatin; Carboplatine; Paraplatin; carboplatin; carboplatine
	1779	DOCETAXEL; Docetaxel; docetaxel
	1625	METFORMIN; MetFORMIN; Metformin; Metformine; metformin; metformine
	1540	GEMCITABINE; Gemcitabine; gemcitabine
	1342	CAPECITABINE; Capecitabin; Capecitabine; XELODA; Xeloda; capecitabine; xeloda
	1178	Cortancyl; Lodotra; Meticorten; Prednison; Prednisone; RAYOS; prednison; prednisone
	1157	0xaliplatin; Eloxatin; OXALIPLATIN; OXAliplatin; Oxaliplatin; Oxaliplatine; eloxatin; oxaliplatin; oxaliplatine
	1157	METHOTREXATE; Methotrexate; Metoject; methotrexate
	1086	BUPIVACAINE; Bupivacain; Bupivacaine; EXPAREL; Exparel; SKY0402; bupivacain; bupivacaine
	1044	ETOPOSIDE; Etoposid; Etoposide; etoposide
	1027	ADOPORT; ADVAGRAF; Adoport; Advagraf; ENVARSUS; Envarsus; FK-506; FK506; PROGRAF; Prograf; Protopic; TACROLIMUS; Tacrolimus; tacrolimus
	978	NORMAL SALINE; Normal Saline; Normal saline; normal salin; normal saline
	977	LIDOCAINE; LMX 4; LMX4; Lidocain; Lidocaine; Lidoderm; Lignocain; Lignocaine; Oraqix; lidocain; lidocaine; lignocaine
	908	CYTARABINE; Cytarabine; Cytosar; DepoCyt; DepoCyte; Depocyt; Depocyte; cytarabine; cytosar
	903	COPEGUS; Copegus; REBETOL; RIBAVIRIN; Rebetol; Ribasphere; Ribavarin; Ribavirin; Ribavirine; Virazole; rebetol; ribavarin; ribavirin
	846	Diprivan; PROPOFOL; Propofol; propofol

3.1.2 Chemical NER mentions resolved to structures (SMILES)

## [1] "Drugs (drug names) with resolved structure: 180555 / 197300 (91.5%)"

3.1.3 Chemical NER mentions by intervention ID.

## [1] "Mentions by intervention ID: 157862 / 171741 (91.9%)"

3.1.4 Chemical NER mentions by trial (NCT ID).

## [1] "Mentions by study: 92966 / 99647 (93.3%)"

3.1.5 Chemical NER mentions by drug, i.e. name in AACT.

## [1] "Mentions by drug name: 11108 / 58297 (19.1%)"

4 PubChem:

4.1 Intervention IDs to CIDs from PubChem (via SMILES)

## [1] "PubChem SMILES2CID hits: 3933 / 4540 (86.6%)"

## [1] "Intervention IDs mapped to PubChem CIDs (via SMILES): 153342"

4.2 InChIKeys from PubChem (via CIDs)

## [1] "PubChem CIDs with InChIKeys: 3783"

5 IDG/TCRD:

For Target Development Level (TDL) and other metadata.

6 ChEMBL:

6.1 ChEMBL molecule IDs, and properties (via InChIKeys)

Perhaps should instead use PubChem CIDs and UniChem.

## [1] "ChEMBL compounds mapped via InChIKeys: 3316"

6.2 ChEMBL activities for mapped compounds

Select only activities with pChembl values for relevance to protein targets and confidence.

## [1] "ChEMBL activities: 127943"

## [1] "ChEMBL activities molecules: 2302 ; canonical_smiles: 2302 ; targets: 3877 ; documents: 16959"

6.2.1 Activity and molecule counts by assay types

Activity and molecule counts by assay types
assay_type	N_molecule	N_activity
F:Functional	1828	73811
B:Binding	1831	49891
A:ADMET	759	4058
P:Physicochemical	44	120
T:Toxicity	28	59
U:Unclassified	3	4

6.3 ChEMBL targets (via activities)

## [1] "ChEMBL target proteins: 3157"

## [1] "ChEMBL target proteins mapped to TCRD (human): 1805"

6.4 ChEMBL targets by organism:

## [1] "Organisms: 187"

Targets by organism (top 10)
organism	N_targets	Types
Homo sapiens	1806	CHIMERIC PROTEIN; PROTEIN COMPLEX; PROTEIN COMPLEX GROUP; PROTEIN FAMILY; PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTION; SELECTIVITY GROUP; SINGLE PROTEIN
Rattus norvegicus	529	PROTEIN COMPLEX; PROTEIN COMPLEX GROUP; PROTEIN FAMILY; SELECTIVITY GROUP; SINGLE PROTEIN
Mus musculus	238	CHIMERIC PROTEIN; PROTEIN COMPLEX; PROTEIN COMPLEX GROUP; PROTEIN FAMILY; SINGLE PROTEIN
Bos taurus	98	PROTEIN COMPLEX; PROTEIN COMPLEX GROUP; PROTEIN FAMILY; SINGLE PROTEIN
Sus scrofa	36	PROTEIN COMPLEX; PROTEIN FAMILY; SINGLE PROTEIN
Cavia porcellus	26	SINGLE PROTEIN
Escherichia coli K-12	19	PROTEIN COMPLEX; PROTEIN FAMILY; SINGLE PROTEIN
Oryctolagus cuniculus	18	SINGLE PROTEIN
Escherichia coli	17	PROTEIN COMPLEX; SINGLE PROTEIN
Mycobacterium tuberculosis	17	SINGLE PROTEIN

6.5 Human single-protein targets only, by IDG family.

## [1] "Human targets: 1806"

idgFamily	N
Kinase	405
Enzyme	330
GPCR	158
None	120
IC	64
Transporter	53
Epigenetic	35
NR	28
TF	20
TF; Epigenetic	3

## [1] "Human single-protein targets: 1216 ; unique UniProts: 1216"

6.6 ChEMBL targets by IDG TDL:

## [1] "   Tchem:    767" "   Tclin:    342" "    Tbio:    105"
## [4] "   Tdark:      2"

7 JensenLab Tagger Diseases NER

With JensenLab DOID entities dictionary. On descriptions from detailed_descriptions table.

serialno corresponds with DOID.
id is AACT primary key.
Tagger results TSVs lack headings.

Likely false positives, manually removed:

“CAN” = “Crouzon syndrome-acanthosis nigricans syndrome” (DOID:0111161)
“FACE” = “Fanconi anemia complementation group E” (DOID:0111084)
Also root term “DISEASE” is uninteresting.

## [1] "Total disease mentions: 497207 (in 124421 studies)"

7.1 Disease mention totals by merging to resolved Disease Ontology term (DOID).

Top 20 diseases by total mentions
doid	N_mentions	terms
DOID:162	28596	CANCER; CANcer; Cancer; Malignant Tumor; Malignant neoplasm; Malignant tumor; Primary Cancer; Primary cancer; cancer; malignant Tumor; malignant neoplasm; malignant tumor; primary cancer
DOID:9351	17274	DIABETES; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIAbetes; DIabetes; Diabetes; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes mellitus; diabetes; diabetes Mellitus; diabetes mellitus; diabetes-mellitus
DOID:6713	16632	CVA; Cerebrovascular Accident; Cerebrovascular Disease; Cerebrovascular accident; Cerebrovascular disease; STROKE; STRokE; Stroke; cerebro- vascular disease; cerebro-vascular disease; cerebrovascul…
DOID:2030	12084	ANXIETY; Anxiety; Anxiety Disorder; Anxiety state; anxiety; anxiety disorder; anxiety state; anxiety syndrome; anxiety-state
DOID:1612	10583	BREAST CANCER; BReast CAncer; BReast Cancer; Breast Cancer; Breast cancer; Breast tumor; Breast-cancer; Primary breast cancer; breast Cancer; breast caNcEr; breast cancer; breast tumor; breast-canc…
DOID:2841	10021	ASTHMA; Asthma; BHR; Bronchial hyper-reactivity; Bronchial hyperreactivity; EIA; Exercise-induced asthma; asthma; bronchial hyper reactivity; bronchial hyper-reactivity; bronchial hyperreactivity; …
DOID:3083	9782	CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE; COLD; COPD; COPd; Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; Chronic Obstructive Lung disease; Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary dis…
DOID:9970	9303	OBESITY; OBesity; Obesity; obEsity; obe-sity; obesity
DOID:10763	9144	HBP; HTN; HYPERTENSION; High Blood Pressure; High blood pressure; High-blood pressure; Hypertension; Hypertensive disease; high blood Pressure; high blood pressure; high blood-pressure; htn; hyper-…
DOID:3393	6816	C-HD; CAD; CHD; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CORONARY SYNDROME; CORONARY syndrome; ChD; Coronary ARtery DIsease; Coronary Artery Disease; Coronary Disease; Coronary Heart Disease; Coronary Heart diseas…
DOID:0060145	6115	ANALGESIA; Analgesia; analgeSia; analgesia
DOID:9352	5848	Diabetes Mellitus Type 2; Diabetes Mellitus Type II; Diabetes Mellitus type 2; Diabetes Mellitus, Type II; Diabetes mellitus Type 2; Diabetes mellitus non-insulin-dependent; Diabetes mellitus type …
DOID:10283	5056	Familial Prostate Cancer; HPC; PRostate Cancer; Prostate CAncer; Prostate Cancer; Prostate cancer; Prostatic cancer; hereditary prostate cancer; prostate Cancer; prostate cancer; prostate-cancer; p…
DOID:8469	4985	FLU; Flu; Influenza; flu; influenza
DOID:225	4962	SYNDROME; Syndrome; syn drome; syndrome
DOID:3908	4959	NSCLC; Non Small Cell Lung Cancer; Non Small Cell Lung Carcinoma; Non Small Cell Lung cancer; Non small cell lung cancer; Non small-cell lung cancer; Non- small cell lung cancer; Non-Small Cell Lun…
DOID:784	4841	CKD; CKF; CRD; CRF; Chronic Kidney Disease; Chronic Kidney disease; Chronic Kidney failure; Chronic Renal Disease; Chronic kidney disease; Chronic kidney failure; Chronic renal disease; chronic Kid…
DOID:5419	4689	SCHIZOPHRENIA; Schizophrenia; schizophrenia
DOID:684	3836	HCC; HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA; Hepatocellular Carcinoma; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Hepatoma; hcc; hepato-cellular carcinoma; hepatocellular Carcinoma; hepatocellular carcinoma; hepatoma
DOID:5844	3664	Heart Attack; Heart attack; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; Myocardial Infarct; Myocardial Infarction; Myocardial infarct; Myocardial infarction; heart attack; myo-cardial infarction; myocardiaL infARction;…

7.2 Disease mentions by study.

Sort synonyms terms by frequency.

Disease mentions by study (Random sample of studies)
nct_id	doid	N_mentions	disease_terms
NCT00448669	DOID:526	2	HIV infection
NCT00635674	DOID:0050848	11	OSA;obstructive sleep apnea
NCT00635674	DOID:0014667	6	metabolic syndrome
NCT00635674	DOID:1936	2	atherosclerosis
NCT00635674	DOID:10763	1	hypertension
NCT00775606	DOID:11405	1	diphtheria
NCT00775606	DOID:11338	1	tetanus
NCT01118520	DOID:7693	4	AAA;abdominal aortic aneurysm
NCT01169051	DOID:1324	2	lung cancer
NCT01169051	DOID:162	2	cancer
NCT01169051	DOID:0060224	1	atrial fibrillation
NCT01169051	DOID:0060145	1	analgesia
NCT01169051	DOID:5041	1	esophageal cancer
NCT01169051	DOID:1612	1	breast cancer
NCT01285219	DOID:1227	3	neutropenia
NCT01673893	DOID:5844	2	Myocardial Infarction;myocardial infarct
NCT01693484	DOID:9351	1	diabetes
NCT01693484	DOID:848	1	arthritis
NCT01693484	DOID:178	1	vascular disease
NCT01927887	DOID:3310	1	allergic
NCT01927887	DOID:2355	1	anemia
NCT01927887	DOID:1781	1	thyroid cancer
NCT01927887	DOID:1205	1	allergy
NCT03300830	DOID:0111157	5	Castleman disease
NCT03300830	DOID:162	4	cancer
NCT03300830	DOID:0111152	1	Multicentric Castleman Disease
NCT03300830	DOID:8632	1	Kaposi sarcoma

8 JensenLab Tagger targets NER (human proteins)

Many false positives due to synonomy collisions with common words (e.g. “Aim 1”, “Nut”).

## [1] "Total target mentions: 556908 (in 124421 studies)"

8.1 Target mention totals by merging to resolved Ensembl ID (ENSP).

Top 20 human proteins by total mentions
ensp	N_mentions	terms
ENSP00000380432	19677	I-NS; insulin; Insulin; ins; Ins; INSULIN; INS; 1 FU 2; 1HI T; inSUlin; INs; INsulin; 3 in C; InS; InsuLin
ENSP00000376823	14422	MRI; MRi; MRI 2; mri; MRI2; MR I; MRI_2; MRI 2; MRI-2
ENSP00000255030	4513	C-Reactive protein; CRP; C-reactive protein; C reactive protein; C Reactive Protein; c reactive protein; c-reactive protein; C-Reactive Protein; CRp; crp; C-reactive Protein; CrP; C - reactive prot…
ENSP00000225474	4343	filgrastim; granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; G-CSF; granulocyte-colony stimulating factor; Filgrastim; GCSF; granulocyte colony stimulating factor; Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor; Gran…
ENSP00000275493	4124	EGFR; epidermal growth factor receptor; eGFR; HER1; Epidermal growth factor receptor; ERBB; Men A; HER-1; MenA; erythroblastic leukemia viral; Epidermal Growth Factor receptor; ERBB1; e-GFR; Epider…
ENSP00000478570	4016	VEGF; vascular endothelial growth factor; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; Vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGF family; vascular-endothelial growth factor; 1 mkg; vegf; vascular endothelial …
ENSP00000398698	3661	Tumor Necrosis Factor; Tumor necrosis factor; TNF; TNF alpha; tumor necrosis factor; TNFalpha; TNF-alpha; DIF; TNFa; Dif; TNFA; TNF-a; Tumor necrosis Factor; TNF-Alpha; dif; TNF Alpha; TNF-A; tumor…
ENSP00000011653	3611	CD4; CD4-receptor; CD 4; 3 CD4; CD4 receptor; CD4 molecule; CD-4
ENSP00000314151	3480	PSA; prostate specific antigen; PsA; prostate-specific antigen; aPS; Prostate Specific Antigen; Prostate specific antigen; APs; ApS; Prostate specific Antigen; APS; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Prost…
ENSP00000452780	3459	1 of 2; 5 men; 1- Age; beta-2 microglobulin; 3 MRI; 3 to -2; 3 g iv; 4 pre; 5 mEq; 2 HLA; B2M; beta 2-microglobulin; beta2-microglobulin; 1 HLA; 3 Low; beta2 microglobulin; 3 low; 5 meq; 5mEq; 5 in…
ENSP00000327246	3240	1 of 2; 3 - HCV; VIPR; 3 HCV; 1-of-2; 1of 2
ENSP00000226730	3152	Interleukin-2; IL-2; aldesleukin; IL2; interleukin 2; interleukin-2; interleukin2; hIL2; Il-2; Aldesleukin; IL - 2; Interleukin 2; interleukin—2; ALDESLEUKIN; I L-2; T cell growth factor; lymphok…
ENSP00000313950	3060	Aim 1; AIM 1; aim 1; Aim1; Aim 1; Aim-1; AURORA 1; aim1; AIM1; Aurora B; aim 1; Aim- 1
ENSP00000296589	3051	Aim 1; AIM 1; aim 1; Aim1; Aim 1; Aim-1; aim1; AIM1; SLC45A2; aim 1; Aim- 1
ENSP00000358062	3047	Aim 1; AIM 1; aim 1; Aim1; Aim 1; Aim-1; aim1; AIM1; aim 1; Aim- 1; ST4
ENSP00000385675	2957	interleukin -6; IL-6; IL6; Interleukin 6; interleukin-6; Interleukin-6; interleukin 6; CDF; HGF; Interleukin- 6; IL- 6; BSF-2; IL 6; Il-6; il-6; Interleukin - 6; IL—6; InterLeukin-6; interleukin-…
ENSP00000269571	2877	HER2; human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; HER-2; ErbB2; Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2; Her2/Neu; human epidermal growth factor receptor-2; ERBB2; erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2;…
ENSP00000387662	2872	GLP-1; glucagon; glucagon-like peptide-1; GLP1; Glucagon-like peptide-1; Glucagon; glucagon-like peptide 1; glucagon like peptide-1; glucagon-like-peptide-1; glucagon-like peptide 2; GLP2; glucagon…
ENSP00000295897	2851	albumin; serum albumin; Albumin; Serum Albumin; Serum albumin; HSA; alb; ALB; Alb; hsa; ALbumin; 2b XL
ENSP00000357112	2757	Aim 2; AIM 2; aim 2; Aim-2; AIM2; Aim2

8.2 Target mentions by study.